• Conceptual change involves "re-conceputlizing" deeply rooted misconceptions.
• In order for people to replace misconceptions with new concepts, they must first become aware of their existing view.
• They must become uncomfortable with their existing view, frequently experiencing cognitive disequilibrium.
• And they must then confront a new idea that is understandable, believable, and useful in ways that their original conception was not.

Learner Motivation Research
The Nature of Science
Parallel Models
Learning Games

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